Mikailalsys Journal of Mathematics and Statistics
Vol 3 No 3 (2025): Mikailalsys Journal of Mathematics and Statistics

A Graph-Theoretic Characterization of Orbits in the Finite Full Transformation Semigroup

Mbah, M. A. (Unknown)
C., Eze (Unknown)
Tal, Pokalas P. (Unknown)
Kasim, S. (Unknown)



Article Info

Publish Date
08 Jun 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the orbit structures of elements in the full transformation semigroup TnT_n through the framework of digraph connectivity. Transformations are characterized based on whether their associated functional digraphs are strongly connected, weakly connected, or unilateral. It is shown that strong connectivity corresponds precisely to transformations whose orbits form a single nn-cycle. In contrast, unilateral connectivity arises when orbits constitute directed paths terminating in a unique cycle, and weak connectivity is identified when all elements belong to a single weakly connected component. Furthermore, the paper provides enumeration results, proving that there are exactly (n−1)!(n - 1)! transformations with strongly connected (cyclic) orbits and n!(n−1)n!(n - 1) transformations with unilateral orbit structures. These findings offer new structural and enumerative insights into the full transformation semigroup by analyzing the connectivity patterns of its orbit representations.

Copyrights © 2025






Journal Info

Abbrev

MJMS

Publisher

Subject

Engineering Mathematics Mechanical Engineering

Description

The journal contains scientific articles covering topics such as mathematical theory, statistical methods, the application of mathematics in various disciplines, and statistical data analysis. The primary objective of this journal is to promote a better understanding of mathematical and statistical ...