<![CDATA[This study explores the competencies of primary education graduates and the challenges encountered in achieving them. Graduate competency serves as a critical indicator of the success of the primary education system. However, issues such as low teaching quality, inadequate learning facilities, and unequal access to education remain prevalent. This study adopts a qualitative approach through literature review to identify the factors influencing graduate competency. The findings indicate that improving graduate competency requires a relevant curriculum, enhanced teacher quality, and equitable distribution of educational resources.]]>
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