<![CDATA[Plant cell differentiation is a fundamental developmental process that determines cellular identity, specialization, and the formation of functional tissues and organs. This process is regulated through a coordinated interplay of plant hormones, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms. Auxin and cytokinin serve as key hormonal signals that guide vascular patterning, particularly the differentiation of xylem and phloem. Transcription factors such as the VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN (VND) family, NAC, and HD-ZIP III play essential roles in directing cell fate and activating secondary cell wall formation. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling maintain long-term stability of differentiated states. This literature review aims to synthesize current scientific findings on major patterns and regulatory mechanisms of plant cell differentiation. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms provides valuable insights for plant physiology, biotechnology, and crop improvement, especially in enhancing growth, adaptation, and productivity.]]>
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