<![CDATA[Background: Pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae remains a considerable global health burden, and antibiotic misuse has driven the bacterium toward growing antimicrobial resistance, leaving plant-derived compounds such as red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) worth investigating as alternative antimicrobial agents. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of red ginger extract in inhibiting the growth of K. pneumoniae, combining in vitro testing with in silico target-gene prediction. Method: Red ginger rhizomes were extracted, tested for antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae at four concentrations, and the dominant bioactive compounds were subjected to in silico target-gene analysis. Result: The extract inhibited K. pneumoniae growth in a dose-dependent manner, with inhibition zones ranging from 6.7 mm at 25% concentration to 8 mm at 100%. The bioactive compounds were predicted to target multiple K. pneumoniae proteins across several cellular locations, most notably the acrR gene, a transcriptional repressor of the multidrug efflux pump operon acrAB. Conclusion: Red ginger extract inhibits K. pneumoniae growth and appears to act through the acrR-acrAB efflux pump pathway, a mechanism central to the bacterium's antibiotic resistance, indicating value as a candidate antimicrobial adjunct that warrants further optimization.]]>
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