<![CDATA[Human rights issues in Papua represent one of Indonesia’s most complex challenges in the intersection of security, politics, and international scrutiny. Various incidents involving state security forces and the armed group Free Papua Movement (OPM) have produced an asymmetrical narrative in global human rights assessments. This study examines such asymmetry through the lens of international law by analyzing state obligations under the ICCPR, the doctrine of state responsibility, and the ambiguous legal position of non-state armed groups under international humanitarian law. The findings reveal that international attention disproportionately emphasizes actions by Indonesian security forces, while OPM’s violence against civilians, teachers, health workers, and public employees often receives minimal accountability. This imbalance is influenced by geopolitical interests, transnational Papua advocacy networks, and inconsistent interpretations of the self-determination principle. The study also identifies that environmental degradation and ecological conflicts significantly contribute to long-term structural human rights violations affecting Indigenous Papuans. Consequently, resolving human rights issues in Papua requires a multidimensional framework that integrates international legal norms, geopolitical realities, and Indigenous rights protections. Without such an approach, the Papua conflict will remain entrenched within the legal grey areas of international law.]]>
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