<![CDATA[This study investigates optimal retrofit strategies for buildings in tropical climates, focusing on energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality (IAQ). Given the unique challenges of high temperatures, humidity, and energy demands in tropical regions, traditional retrofitting methods often fall short of achieving a balance between these critical factors. By employing a multi-objective optimization approach, this research identifies the most effective combination of retrofit solutions, including insulation, natural ventilation, and high-performance window treatments. The results show that the proposed retrofit strategy significantly reduces cooling energy consumption, while maintaining or improving occupant comfort and IAQ. Insulation, particularly external insulation, proved to be the most effective in reducing heat transfer, while natural ventilation strategies and advanced materials further contributed to improving thermal regulation. The study demonstrates that integrating passive and active retrofit measures, tailored specifically to tropical climates, leads to optimal building performance. The multi-objective optimization algorithm (NSGA-II) allowed for the generation of Pareto-optimal solutions, offering a set of trade-offs between energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and IAQ. These findings are particularly relevant for policymakers and building professionals seeking sustainable retrofit solutions in tropical regions. The study also highlights the importance of integrating energy efficiency and IAQ considerations in retrofit strategies to avoid compromising occupant health. Further research is recommended to explore the integration of advanced materials, such as phase change materials (PCMs), and to enhance IAQ management in retrofitted buildings, ensuring long-term sustainability and occupant well-being in tropical environments.]]>
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