<![CDATA[Increased water usage leads to higher levels of wastewater discharged into the river, which reduces river’s quality as the amount of contaminants entering increases. One way to reduce the burden of contaminants discharged into the river is through phytoremediation with constructed wetlands in domestic wastewater (grey water). The objective of this study is to determine how the number of umbrella sedge plants, residence time, and media type affect domestic wastewater parameters, including BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (Total Suspended Solid), NH₃-N (ammonia), and PO₄ (orthophosphate). The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with the following treatment factors: substrate type (activated carbon and quartz sand), number of plants (0, 4, 8, or 12 clumps), and retention time (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 days). Statistical analysis was performed using a t-test, ANOVA, and regression at a 5% significance level. The results showed that activated carbon, 12 clumps of plants, and a residence time of four days were more effective in reducing TSS, BOD, COD, and phosphate content but less effective in reducing ammonia. Results from the fourth day showed that all pollutant levels were below quality standard limits and could be released into the river.]]>
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