<![CDATA[This study addresses the urgent need for an efficient micropropagation protocol for the endangered endemic orchid Dendrobium spectabile by optimizing protocorm multiplication for conservation purposes. Protocorms were cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium using a factorial completely randomized design to evaluate four concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ; 0.0–1.5 mg L⁻¹) and three concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 0.0–0.2 mg L⁻¹) during a 12-week incubation period. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant synergistic interaction between TDZ and NAA (p = 0.003). The optimal treatment combination, consisting of 1.0 mg L⁻¹ TDZ and 0.1 mg L⁻¹ NAA, resulted in the highest protocorm multiplication rate, producing an average of 9.2 new protocorms per explant, along with a high survival rate (>95%) and superior morphological quality. This optimized protocol exhibited a 50–80% higher efficiency compared to conventional BAP-based methods, indicating that a precise TDZ–NAA ratio is essential for promoting cell proliferation while minimizing physiological disorders such as hyperhydricity. Overall, this study provides a robust and significantly improved protocol for the ex situ mass propagation and conservation of D. spectabile.]]>
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