<![CDATA[This study aims to holistically analyze the Chikan phenomenon in Tokyo's train transportation by identifying multidimensional driving factors and evaluating the effectiveness of existing countermeasures. The research employs a Mixed Methods approach with a Convergent Parallel design, where quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously and integrated through cross-validation. Findings reveal that the issue is driven by the dynamic interaction of environmental factors such as extreme physical congestion providing anonymity, socio-cultural factors including stigma that leads to low reporting rates of approximately 80%, legal challenges in providing proof, and psychological factors related to frotteurism among perpetrators. The study concludes that one-dimensional technical solutions, such as Women-Only Cars, are insufficient to fully eradicate the culture of harassment as they only serve as short-term symptom management. Consequently, an integrated approach encompassing legal reform, anti-stigma social education, and clinical rehabilitation for perpetrators is necessary to address the root causes sustainably.]]>
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