<![CDATA[This study examines whether ESG disclosure and intellectual capital affect Indonesian banks’ financial performance and whether board gender diversity (BGD) moderates these effects. Panel data from 14 IDX-listed banks during 2019–2023 (n = 70 firm-year observations) were analyzed using a Random Effect Model and Moderated Regression Analysis in EViews 12. ROA represents financial performance; ESG is a GRI-based disclosure index; intellectual capital is measured by VAIC; and BGD is the proportion of female directors. Results show ESG disclosure improves ROA (β = 0.010735; t = 2.199; p = 0.031), whereas intellectual capital is negative and not significant (β = −0.000196; t = −0.112; p = 0.911) and BGD has no significant direct effect (β = −0.015360; t = −1.292; p = 0.201). The baseline model explains modest variation in ROA (R² = 0.093; adjusted R² = 0.052). Interaction tests indicate that BGD strengthens the ESG–ROA link at the 10% level (βESG×BGD = 0.080093; p = 0.055) and significantly strengthens the intellectual capital–ROA link (βIC×BGD = 0.022174; t = 2.762; p = 0.007), suggesting gender-diverse boards help convert sustainability transparency and knowledge-based resources into profitability. The study contributes to Resource-Based Theory and Stakeholder Theory by showing that governance diversity is a boundary condition for realizing performance payoffs from ESG disclosure and intellectual resources in an emerging-market banking context. Practically, banks should enhance ESG reporting quality, improve intellectual-capital efficiency, and increase female representation in boards and key committees to strengthen oversight and strategic use of intangible assets. Overall, the findings highlight inclusive governance as a strategic lever to amplify the financial benefits of ESG disclosure and intellectual capital in Indonesian banking.]]>
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