<![CDATA[The protection of critical infrastructure in the digital era faces escalating cyber threats, most notably ransomware, necessitating rigorous cybersecurity strategies. This study aims to assess the current cybersecurity approaches employed in critical infrastructure sectors, determine key vulnerabilities, and highlight pressing implementation barriers amid advancing digitalization. Employing a descriptive qualitative research design, the study engaged purposively selected cybersecurity professionals, IT managers, and policymakers across key infrastructure sectors. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and document analysis, followed by thematic analysis using both inductive and deductive coding to extract salient organizational and technical themes. The analysis revealed that ransomware poses the most frequent and impactful threat, while organizations predominantly rely on traditional controls such as network segmentation and employee training. Advanced dynamic measures, such as real-time monitoring, remain underutilized. Organizational barriers—including resource constraints, regulatory ambiguity, and legacy system complexity—were consistently reported as major hindrances to effective cybersecurity implementation. These findings underline a critical need for targeted innovation, workforce development, and policy reform to bridge the gap between threat sophistication and current defense practices. The study advances theoretical understanding of cyber risk management in complex infrastructures and offers practical recommendations for future policy and organizational strategy. Study limitations include qualitative scope and sample representativeness, suggesting the need for longitudinal and sector-wide quantitative research.]]>
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