<![CDATA[Bird’s eye chili is one of the strategic food commodities in Indonesia with high price volatility and a significant contribution to food inflation, particularly in Gorontalo Province. The dynamic and nonlinear characteristics of bird’s eye chili prices often hinder accurate forecasting when using conventional methods, thereby requiring an adaptive approach capable of capturing complex data patterns. Therefore, this study applies an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) optimized using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to improve the accuracy of bird’s eye chili price forecasting. This study utilizes daily bird’s eye chili price data in Gorontalo Province from 1 January 2019 to 31 October 2025, obtained from the National Strategic Food Price Information Center (PIHPS). The ANFIS model is optimized using adaptive PSO to obtain optimal parameter values that address local convergence problems and parameter sensitivity commonly encountered in conventional ANFIS models. Model performance is evaluated using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results indicate that the adaptive ANFIS–PSO model achieves a MAPE value of 17.4487% on the training dataset, which decreases significantly to 5.0741% on the testing dataset. The testing MAPE value below 10% demonstrates that the proposed model has excellent generalization capability in capturing bird’s eye chili price fluctuations. These findings confirm that adaptive PSO-based parameter optimization effectively enhances ANFIS performance in modelling nonlinear and highly volatile time series data. The proposed forecasting model can serve as a reliable analytical tool to support decision-making and regional food price stabilzation policies in Gorontalo Province.]]>
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