Cloud-based resource allocation and VM/container orchestration play a crucial role in ensuring performance, scalability, and energy efficiency in modern distributed computing environments. This study investigates the effectiveness of centralized and decentralized scheduling models combined with heuristic and optimization-based allocation strategies in container-based cloud infrastructures. A quantitative experimental approach was employed to evaluate system performance under varying workload intensities. Key evaluation metrics included response time, throughput, resource utilization, SLA violation rate, and energy consumption. The experimental results indicate that centralized scheduling mechanisms experience scalability limitations and increased latency under high workload conditions. Although optimization-based allocation improves performance within centralized architectures, coordination bottlenecks remain significant. In contrast, decentralized scheduling models demonstrate superior adaptability, reduced response time, and improved throughput due to distributed decision-making and reduced control overhead. The integration of intelligent optimization techniques further enhances resource utilization and energy efficiency, achieving the lowest SLA violation rates and highest system stability. Overall, the findings confirm that combining decentralized scheduling with optimization-driven resource allocation provides a more scalable and sustainable orchestration strategy for modern cloud environments. This approach is particularly suitable for dynamic, large-scale, and latency-sensitive applications in container-based and edge-integrated cloud systems.
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