<![CDATA[This study investigates the Adaptive Cross-Tied Interconnection (ACTI) configuration to improve the power output efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) arrays operating under partial shade conditions. The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical formulation that describes the behavior of ACTI compared to the conventional Series-Parallel (SP) configuration. Mathematical modeling is used to analyze the current distribution, voltage relationship, and the effect of shading patterns on the total output power. Simulations are performed using MATLAB/Simulink to verify the theoretical analysis results. This adaptive configuration dynamically adjusts the cross-tied based on the illumination intensity data, thus balancing the current between the shaded and normal modules. The results show that ACTI successfully reduces current mismatch losses and increases the output power without increasing circuit complexity. In a 3x3 PV array, the ACTI configuration yields a power increase of up to 48% compared to the SP configuration. In a 5x5 array, the efficiency increase ranges from 2% to 6%, depending on the shading pattern. The adaptive switching strategy maintains the current flow stability and produces a smoother power-voltage curve, allowing faster and more accurate tracking of the global maximum power point. These results demonstrate that ACTI provides an efficient, economical, and mathematically sound solution for improving the performance of PV systems under non-uniform irradiation conditions]]>
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