<![CDATA[This study aims to examine the effect of institutional ownership and managerial ownership on tax avoidance, with firm size as a moderating variable. Tax avoidance is an important issue in taxation studies because it is related to corporate behavior in fulfilling tax obligations and may affect state revenue. Ownership structure is considered one of the corporate governance mechanisms that can influence managerial decisions, including tax-related policies. This research employs a quantitative approach using panel data from manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020–2024 period. The sample consists of 357 firm-year observations obtained through purposive sampling. Tax avoidance is measured using the effective tax rate (ETR), while data analysis is conducted using multiple regression analysis with moderating variables. The results indicate that institutional ownership has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance, suggesting that higher institutional ownership is associated with lower tax avoidance. Managerial ownership and firm size are found to have a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance. Furthermore, firm size does not moderate the relationship between institutional ownership and tax avoidance, but it moderates the relationship between managerial ownership and tax avoidance. Overall, the findings provide empirical evidence on the role of ownership structure and firm characteristics in explaining tax avoidance practices and may serve as a reference for future research and policy considerations related to corporate governance and taxation.]]>
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