<![CDATA[Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) integrated with the internet of things (IoT) are hybrid technologies of interconnected systems. The IoT connects various devices, from sensors to smart gadget networks, and leverages a framework to provide secure solutions. This paper presents a lightweight adaptive proof-of-stake (APoS) blockchain framework design specifically for IoT-WSN. It focuses on efficient energy, scalability, and robust security. The proposed model integrates a hybrid APoS-delegated PoS (DPoS) consensus mechanism, trust-based routing, and a random forest (RF)-driven intrusion detection system (IDS). Extensive simulations of 100 to 10,000 nodes display energy usage of 0.018–0.019 mJ/node, breach of privacy rates of 0.02%, and throughput up to 9.92 tx/round for 1,000 nodes and 3.40 tx/round for GreenOrbs validation. The IDS achieves 94.21% accuracy for 1,000 nodes and 88.89% for GreenOrbs against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS), Sybil, and Jamming attacks. Validated using the GreenOrbs dataset, the framework ensures real-world applicability in resource-constrained WSNs. Future research has validated and verified the use of APoS and PoS hybrid models for broader decentralised IoT–WSN deployments.]]>
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