<![CDATA[Nighttime traffic accidents on rural mountain roads remain a major transportation safety issue, particularly in areas with limited lighting infrastructure and extreme topographic conditions. Roads located in mountainous regions of Enrekang Regency are characterized by sharp curves, steep slopes, roadside cliffs, dense vegetation, and the absence of street lighting, which significantly reduce driver visibility and increase accident risk during nighttime driving. This study aims to identify nighttime road safety hazards, assess risk levels using an ISO 39001 based approach, evaluate the relationship between visibility and accident risk, and develop mitigation strategies through the integration of photovoltaic lighting and retroreflective Scotchlite systems. The research employed a Risk Based Road Safety Assessment approach combining Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC), likelihood and severity matrix analysis, and visibility engineering. Primary data were collected through field observations, illuminance measurements using a lux meter, and evaluation of detection distance, recognition distance, and stopping sight distance (SSD). The results indicate that the existing illuminance level ranged from 1.8-3.4 lux, while recognition distance was only 8-14 m, far below the required SSD of 34.65 m at an operational speed of 40 km/h. Risk assessment results classified several hazards, including lack of street lighting, sharp curves adjacent to cliffs, shadow areas, and low recognition distance, into high and extreme risk categories. The findings demonstrate that limited nighttime visibility significantly contributes to unsafe driving conditions on mountainous rural roads. Furthermore, the integration of photovoltaic based lighting and Scotchlite retroreflective materials is considered technically feasible as a sustainable risk mitigation strategy to improve active and passive visibility in areas lacking electrical grid infrastructure. This study contributes to the development of road traffic safety risk management frameworks for mountainous rural roads using renewable energy and visibility based safety engineering approaches.]]>
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