<![CDATA[The development of public service superapps in Indonesia, such as INA Digital and the Ministry of Law and Human Rights’ Super Apps, promises service efficiency through NIK-based SSO integration in accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 95/2018 on the SPBE. However, the management of large-scale data poses significant cybersecurity risks, including personal data breaches and ransomware attacks, which are regulated by the Personal Data Protection Act No. 27/2022 under the principle of ‘privacy by design’. This literature review analyses civil servants’ digital literacy as a crucial pillar, noting that only 44.9% of civil servants possess good competencies despite the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology’s LDSP programme reaching 80,000 participants. Findings indicate that synergy between data security (zero-trust architecture) and continuous civil servant training is necessary for digital trust and government transformation towards Indonesia Digital 2045.]]>
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