<![CDATA[A comprehensive understanding of client issues is a crucial foundation in effective guidance and counseling practices. This article aims to examine four major conceptual models used to understand the psychological dynamics of clients, namely the psychodynamic, affective, cognitive-behavioral (REBT), and multimodal approaches. Using a qualitative method through library research, this article presents a descriptive-analytical analysis of the characteristics of each model, the identified root causes of client problems, and their practical implications for the counseling process. The study highlights that each model offers unique perspectives on the origins of psychological issues and corresponding intervention strategies. Therefore, counselors are expected to demonstrate flexibility and integrative skills in designing holistic and contextual services tailored to the specific needs of clients.]]>
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