<![CDATA[This study investigates the determinants of ESG policy transparency among 100 global palm oil companies using the November 2025 Sustainability Policy Transparency Toolkit (SPOTT) assessment data. Employing multiple linear regression analysis, this research examines the effects of supply chain integrity, ownership structure (public-listed vs. private), headquarters location, and media exposure on the overall ESG transparency score. The results indicate that supply chain integrity is the strongest and most significant predictor of ESG transparency (β = 0.994, p < 0.001). Public ownership also shows a significant positive effect (β = 2.13, p = 0.001). In contrast, headquarters location in stringent ESG regulatory regions and media exposure do not significantly influence transparency levels. Category analysis reveals that companies demonstrate relatively higher transparency in social and environmental aspects, but remain notably weak in downstream processing categories (crusher, refiner, and trader).This study concludes that improving ESG transparency in the palm oil industry is best achieved through strengthening internal supply chain traceability and governance rather than relying primarily on external pressures. These findings offer important implications for palm oil companies, investors, and policymakers seeking to meet rising global transparency standards, particularly in light of regulations such as the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).]]>
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