<![CDATA[This study reports the synthesis and characterization of SnO and SnO₂ catalysts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) via interesterification. SnO was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, while SnO₂ was prepared through the sol–gel route. The catalysts were applied in the interesterification of refined bleached palm oil with methyl acetate at an oil : methyl acetate molar ratio of 1:9, catalyst loading of 0.25 wt%, reaction temperature of 65 °C, and reaction time of 3 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of tetragonal SnO and rutile tetragonal SnO₂ phases. Biodiesel quality was evaluated according to SNI 7182:2015 parameters. Biodiesel produced using SnO showed density of 861 kg/m³, viscosity of 3.09 cSt, water content of 0.25%, free fatty acid (FFA) of 0.66%, and iodine value of 44.04. Meanwhile, SnO₂-catalyzed biodiesel exhibited density of 886 kg/m³, viscosity of 3.12 cSt, water content of 0.22%, FFA of 0.56%, and iodine value of 36.03. GC–MS analysis identified methyl oleate as the dominant compound in SnO-catalyzed biodiesel, while methyl palmitate was dominant in SnO₂-catalyzed biodiesel. These results indicate that both catalysts have potential as alternative heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from palm oil via interesterification.]]>
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