<![CDATA[Integrated reviews addressing ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, gas transport, and Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) within an aerobic-anaerobic energy framework particularly among Indonesian athletes remain scarce. This article aims to provide an integrated review of cardiorespiratory adaptations to physical training programs in athletes across various sports and their performance implications. A narrative review was conducted using systematic literature selection based on PRISMA 2020 principles, searching PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2019–2025). The study population comprised active athletes from endurance, strength, and mixed-profile sports at youth and adult levels. Samples were determined via purposive sampling based on topic relevance, yielding 10 articles meeting all inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using a thematic-narrative approach across five major adaptation themes. Results indicate that aerobic training improves ventilatory efficiency (V̇E/V̇CO₂), pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO/TLCO), and oxygen transport capacity (hemoglobin mass +10–20%; VO₂max), while anaerobic training and IMT primarily enhance inspiratory muscle strength (MIP) and delay the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex. Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) may emerge in elite endurance athletes due to shortened capillary transit time and V/Q mismatch. Studies on Indonesian athletes confirm positive correlations between vital capacity and athletic achievement, and IMT effectiveness in improving MIP and VO₂max in youth athletes. In conclusion, integrated programs combining aerobic training, HIIT, and IMT represent the most effective strategy for optimizing cardiorespiratory function and athletic performance; further research using simultaneous multi-parameter respiratory measurements in Indonesian athlete populations is strongly warranted. Abstrak Kajian yang mengintegrasikan adaptasi ventilasi, difusi paru, transportasi gas, dan Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) dalam kerangka kategorisasi energi latihan pada atlet Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Artikel ini bertujuan meninjau secara terintegrasi adaptasi kardiorespirasi akibat program latihan fisik pada atlet berbagai cabang olahraga serta implikasinya terhadap performa. Metode yang digunakan adalah narrative review dengan seleksi literatur sistematis mengacu prinsip PRISMA 2020, melalui pencarian di PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar rentang 2019–2025. Populasi kajian adalah atlet aktif dari cabang olahraga ketahanan, kekuatan, dan campuran tingkat remaja maupun dewasa. Sampel ditentukan menggunakan purposive sampling berdasarkan relevansi topik, menghasilkan 10 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisis data dilakukan secara tematik-naratif berdasarkan lima tema adaptasi utama. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa latihan aerobik meningkatkan efisiensi ventilasi (V̇E/V̇CO₂), kapasitas difusi paru (DLCO/TLCO), dan kapasitas transportasi oksigen (peningkatan massa hemoglobin 10–20%; VO₂maks), sedangkan latihan anaerobik dan IMT dominan meningkatkan kekuatan otot inspirasi (MIP) serta menunda aktivasi inspiratory muscle metaboreflex. Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) dapat muncul pada atlet endurance elite akibat waktu transit kapiler yang singkat dan V/Q mismatch. Studi pada atlet Indonesia mengonfirmasi korelasi positif kapasitas vital paru dengan prestasi dan efektivitas IMT terhadap MIP serta VO₂max atlet remaja. Kesimpulannya, program terintegrasi yang menggabungkan latihan aerobik, HIIT, dan IMT merupakan strategi paling efektif untuk mengoptimalkan fungsi kardiorespirasi dan performa atlet; penelitian lanjutan berbasis data lapangan Indonesia dengan pengukuran multi-parameter respirasi secara bersamaan sangat dibutuhkan.]]>
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