<![CDATA[This study aims to uncover and describe the forms of criminal behavior and their contributing factors in the novel Pulang Pergi by Tere Liye. As a literary work rich in action and intrigue, this novel reflects the complexity of modern crime. This research is a qualitative study using content analysis methods through the lens of sociology of literature and criminological theory. The research data consists of a textual corpus (words, phrases, sentences, dialogues, and narratives) indicating criminal acts, sourced from Tere Liye's novel Pulang Pergi (SabakGrip Publisher, 2021). Data collection techniques employed include bibliography, reading-observation, and note-taking. The results show two main findings: first, the forms of criminal behavior in the novel are dominated by transnational organized crime and white-collar crime, manifesting in extreme violence, murder, smuggling of illegal commodities, bribery, and money laundering within the shadow economy ecosystem. Second, the triggers of criminality include motives for power/economic dominance, the influence of a social environment that normalizes crime (differential association), and cycles of revenge between families of shadow rulers. Through this depiction, Tere Liye delivers a sharp social criticism regarding the fragility of law enforcement in the face of global capitalism and covert political power.]]>
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