Healthy Farm Index and biodiversity state in the moderate altitude region of Tabanan District, Indonesia

DWI PUTRA DARMAWAN (Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Agrokomplex Building, 2nd floor, Denpasar City 80234, Bali, Indonesia)
GEDE MEKSE KORRI ARISENA (Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Agrokomplex Building, 2nd floor, Denpasar City 80234, Bali, Indonesia)
NI WAYAN FEBRIANA UTAMI (Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Agrokomplex Building, 2nd floor, Denpasar City 80234, Bali, Indonesia)
NI LUH MADE INDAH MURDYANI DEWI (Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Agrokomplex Building, 2nd floor, Denpasar City 80234, Bali, Indonesia)
DESAK ASTHRI CAHYANI (Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Agrokomplex Building, 2nd floor, Denpasar City 80234, Bali, Indonesia)
NI MADE AYU VIONITA DEWI (Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Agrokomplex Building, 2nd floor, Denpasar City 80234, Bali, Indonesia)
NI KADEK PINGKAN WULANDARI (Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Agrokomplex Building, 2nd floor, Denpasar City 80234, Bali, Indonesia)
ARY BAKHTIAR (Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Jl. Raya Tlogomas, Malang 65144, East Java, Indonesia)
WEN WEN (School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology. QLD 4000, Australia)
ANIMESH K. GAIN (School of Environmental and Conservation Science, Murdoch University. Murdoch, WA, 6163, Australia)
AYI PRIANA (Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Agrokomplex Building, 2nd floor, Denpasar City 80234, Bali, Indonesia)

Asian Journal of Agriculture
Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)

Abstract. Darmawan DP, Arisena GMK, Utami NWF, Dewi NLMIM, Cahyani DA, Dewi NMAV, Wulandari NKP, Bakhtiar A, Wen W, Gain AK, Priana A. 2026. Healthy Farm Index and biodiversity state in the moderate altitude region of Tabanan District, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100210. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100210. Sustaining agricultural systems in tropical regions with complex topography is essential for enhancing productivity, resilience, and biodiversity conservation. This study applies the Healthy Farm Index (HFI) to evaluate farm-level sustainability across four dimensions production, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and quality of life in moderate-altitude agricultural landscapes of Penebel Sub-district, Tabanan District, Bali, Indonesia. Two villages with contrasting topographic conditions, Babahan and Senganan, were selected for comparative analysis. A total of 60 farming households and their associated farmlands were purposively sampled. Data collection included soil properties (pH and moisture), hardscape conditions, crop and livestock diversity, and farmer socio-economic characteristics. Biodiversity was assessed using the Shannon-Wiener Index, while relationships between HFI and other key indicators were analysed using linear regression and Pearson correlations in R. The results reveal that Babahan Village exhibited a higher median HFI (0.63) compared to Senganan Village (0.39), indicating more favorable agro-ecosystem conditions in relatively flatter terrain. A strong negative correlation was observed between soil pH and soil moisture (r = -0.98, p <0.001). Furthermore, species diversity (H′) showed a significant inverse relationship with HFI (R² = 0.76, p<0.001), suggesting a tradeoff whereby higher agricultural health scores are associated with the dominance of specific functional species rather than greater overall species richness. These findings highlight the influence of topography on farm-scale sustainability and underscore the critical role of land management practices. The study emphasises the need for site-specific strategies, including agroforestry and integrated water management, to optimise agricultural health in heterogeneous tropical landscapes.