Bukti Histologis Peningkatan Imunitas Humoral akibat Pemberian Formulasi Poliherbal pada Hewan Model Imunogenisitas

Widhowati Supardi (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Alma Ata, Indonesia)
Woro Rukmi Pratiwi (Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)
Juliana Irem Adriana Purukan (Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)
Eti Nurwening Sholikhah (Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)
Setyo Purwono (Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)

INPHARNMED Journal (Indonesian Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Journal)
Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)

Background: Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat often exacerbated by inappropriate  self-medication. In Indonesia, infectious diseases remain a leading cause of mortality, yet public understanding and practices regarding antibiotic use are often suboptimal. Objective: This study investigated the association between sociodemographic factors and the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic use among the community in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Methods: A community-based cross- sectional survey was conducted from March to April 2023 across 31 primary healthcare centers in 17 sub- districts. A total of 418 respondents were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected via a validated questionnaire (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.6) and analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests (p<0.05). Results: The findings revealed that 53.35% of respondents possessed inadequate knowledge, while 49.76% practiced self-medication. Although 94.50% exhibited favorable attitudes toward rational use, a notable "attitude-practice gap" persisted. Statistical analysis demonstrated that sociodemographic factors—including age, education level, and health insurance—were not significantly associated with knowledge, beliefs, or attitudes (p>0.05), indicating that misconceptions were uniformly distributed across the community. However, antibiotic-use practices were significantly associated with gender (p=0.038) and occupation (p=0.027). Furthermore, a significant association was established between knowledge levels and self-medication practices (p=0.028), identifying inadequate health literacy as a primary driver of inappropriate drug acquisition. Conclusion: While theoretical attitudes were positive, inadequate knowledge and easy access to medication fueled high rates of self-medication. Pharmacists must serve as clinical gatekeepers, implementing community-wide educational interventions to correct misconceptions and promote rational antibiotic therapy.