<![CDATA[This study examines the role of Islamic religious education (PAI) in responding to the issues of multiculturalism and social justice in Indonesia. Using a literature review approach, this study analyzes the philosophical and theological foundations of PAI relevant to the discourse on multiculturalism and social justice, examines the practical integration of these values into the PAI curriculum, and identifies various challenges and opportunities in its implementation. The findings emphasize that PAI has a strong normative foundation based on universal values in Islamic teachings such as ta'aruf, tasamuh, musawah, and 'adalah. However, there remains a significant gap between normative ideals and the reality of PAI learning in the field, which tends to be doctrinal and less contextual. This study recommends a paradigm shift from an exclusive approach toward an inclusive and transformative one, accompanied by curriculum reform responsive to contemporary social issues and the enhancement of teachers' pedagogical competencies in multicultural literacy and social justice. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of a conceptual framework for PAI that is responsive to the dynamics of contemporary life while remaining grounded in Islamic teachings.]]>
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