TGFB1 rs1800470 Polymorphism is Associated with Circulating TGF-β1 Levels and Left Ventricular Geometry in Hypertensive Patients

Hendri Susilo (Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, Surabaya 60132)
Daphne Cheryl Marvella (Undergraduate Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, Surabaya 60132)
Lala Mila Avinda (Master Program of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, Surabaya 60132,)
Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu (Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, Surabaya 60132)
Limperis Kaldis (Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 30 Panepistimiou Street, Athens 106 79)
Rafail C. Christodoulou (Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 453 Quarry Rd Stanford, California 94304)
Elena E. Solomou (Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School Rion, 26500 Rion)
Platon S. Papageorgiou (Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 30 Panepistimiou Street, Athens 106 79)

The Indonesian Biomedical Journal
Vol 18, No 3 (2026)

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a major mediator of myocardial fibrosis and cardiac remodeling in hypertension. TGFB1 (rs1800470) and MTHFR (rs1801133) are known for their roles in TGF-β1 regulation and cardiovascular remodeling, with MTHFR rs1801133 potentially influencing TGF-β1–mediated fibrosis through homocysteine metabolism. However, genetic determinants and relationship of these polymorphism with left ventricular (LV) structure remain unclear in the Indonesian population. Clarifying these associations may improve risk stratification and precision care. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the associations of these polymorphisms and TGF-β1 levels with LV remodeling in essential hypertension.METHODS: Sixty-four adults subjects with essential hypertension were included in this cross-sectional study, and their blood samples were taken. Genotyping of the MTHFR and TGFB1 genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing. Serum TGF-β1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while LV mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were assessed by echocardiography.RESULTS: TGFB1 rs1800470 was significantly associated with higher TGF-β1 levels (p=0.013). In the recessive model, TT homozygotes had higher TGF-β1 than CC+CT carriers (β=1.444; standardized β=0.353; p=0.004). TGF-β1 correlated with LDL cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.302; p=0.015 and r=0.277; p=0.027). The TT genotype was associated with higher RWT under recessive and overdominant models (p=0.021 and p=0.028).CONCLUSION: TGFB1 rs1800470 is associated with circulating TGF-β1 concentrations in essential hypertension, suggesting a potential role in hypertensive cardiac remodeling.KEYWORDS: hypertension, TGFB1 polymorphism, TGF-β1, cardiac remodeling, left ventricular geometry, myocardial fibrosis