<![CDATA[Indonesia constitutionally adopts a Pancasila-based welfare state that mandates state control over natural resources for the greatest prosperity of the people. However, people’s mining remains largely dominated by informal and illegal activities (pertambangan tanpa izin/PETI), resulting in significant state losses and widespread environmental degradation. National data indicate thousands of PETI locations across Indonesia, while the PT Timah case illustrates how prolonged illegal community mining has contributed to severe environmental damage and estimated state losses exceeding IDR 300 trillion. This study employs a normative juridical method combined with qualitative policy analysis through statutory and conceptual approaches, complemented by a case study of Gorontalo Province. The findings reveal a clear gap between the normative design of people’s mining regulation and its practical implementation. Nationally, 1,216 people’s mining areas (Wilayah Pertambangan Rakyat/WPR) have been designated, yet illegal mining persists. In Gorontalo, despite 63 designated WPR, only one people’s mining permit (Izin Pertambangan Rakyat/IPR) has been issued. The study concludes that people’s mining can support community welfare only through accelerated formalization, strengthened regional capacity, integrated environmental safeguards, and effective central–local coordination in accordance with Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution (Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945/UUD 1945).]]>
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