<![CDATA[The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria encourages the exploration of natural antibacterial agents with lower risk of promoting resistance. Honey is a promising candidate due to its acidity, high osmolarity, and bioactive compounds. However, comparative studies on the antibacterial activity of Indonesian honey from different bee species remain limited. This study compared the antibacterial activity of ten Indonesian honey samples produced by four bee species (Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, and Tetragonula laeviceps). The target bacteria used were Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC15442. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion assay, followed by bacterial viability, LD50 determination and proximate analysis of the most active samples. All honey samples inhibited Escherichia coli, whereas only TG1_PND from T. laeviceps inhibited all three pathogens. Viability assay indicated the strongest inhibition at 100% honey concentration, with the lowest LD50 (81%) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proximate analysis showed that TG1-PND possessed the lowest pH, suggesting that its antibacterial activity may be related to organic acid-induced osmotic stress. These findings demonstrate the potential antibacterial activity of T. laeviceps honey and its development as a natural antibacterial agent.]]>
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