<![CDATA[Physical modeling has long been the primary approach for studying flow behavior in hydraulic structures, yet such models often require considerable cost, time, and effort. The growing capabilities of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have encouraged the use of three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations as an efficient alternative. This study reviews recent advances and persistent challenges in 3D numerical modeling of spillway structures, with emphasis on design implications. The findings reveal that reliable 3D simulation of spillways is constrained by mesh sensitivity, turbulence model selection, boundary condition specification, and time-step dependence. Complex spillway geometries and substantial computational demands further complicate model development. Moreover, validation remains challenging due to scale effects and limited availability of high-quality experimental or field data. To improve model reliability, careful optimization of numerical configurations is essential. Mesh and time-sensitivity analyses, appropriate turbulence models, and field-based boundary conditions should be applied to achieve representative results. Integrating numerical and experimental approaches can enhance model validation, reduce uncertainty, and strengthen the use of 3D numerical modeling as both a predictive and design tool for safer, more efficient, and sustainable spillway structures.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
