<![CDATA[This study examines the competitiveness and export performance of Indonesian pepper in the Japanese market from 1990 to 2024, in comparison with China and Malaysia. Using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Constant Market Share (CMS), and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the study finds that all three countries maintained RCA values above 1,0 throughout the observation period, confirming sustained comparative advantage. Indonesia's average RCA was 4,05; China's was 2,54; and Malaysia's was 9,87. CMS analysis reveals that the commodity composition effect for Indonesia and Malaysia was marginally positive, while the competitiveness effect yielded negative averages for Indonesia and China, but positive for Malaysia. VECM estimation identifies a long-run cointegrating relationship among the competitiveness variables, and Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD) analyses demonstrate that Indonesia's dynamic market share (CMS) is the primary external driver of Japan's total pepper import value. Policy implications point to the need for sustained premium quality positioning, supply chain improvement, and optimal utilization of trade agreements such as RCEP.]]>
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