<![CDATA[The transportation of biological samples requires a temperature-controlled environment to preserve sample integrity throughout the pre-analytical process. This study presents the design and thermal performance evaluation of a portable biological sample incubator developed to maintain physiological temperatures during transport. The proposed prototype integrates an ESP32 microcontroller, an SHT31 temperature sensor, a pulse-width modulation (PWM)-controlled PTC heater, and a 12.8 V 6 Ah LiFePO₄ battery in a thermally insulated incubation chamber. Experimental evaluations were conducted at temperature setpoints of 36.0, 36.5, 37.0, 37.5, and 38.0 °C to assess thermal response, temperature stability, battery performance, and the low-voltage protection mechanism. The experimental results demonstrate that the incubator consistently achieved the desired temperature range and maintained stable operating conditions after reaching steady state. The battery provided continuous power throughout the operating period, while the low-voltage protection mechanism successfully disconnected the heating system at the predefined cut-off voltage of 10.5 V to prevent battery over-discharge. Overall, the developed prototype demonstrated reliable thermal control and effective power management, indicating its potential as a portable temperature-controlled transport system for biological sample applications.]]>
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