<![CDATA[Purpose - This study examines whether cooperative membership, debt, and equity are associated with cooperative business volume in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, and whether the pattern differs across the three national cooperative systems. Design/methodology/approach - A quantitative comparative correlational design used secondary administrative data from 64 regional units: 14 in Malaysia, 16 in the Philippines, and 34 in Indonesia. Members, debt, equity, and volume were transformed using natural logarithms, and separate log-linear multiple regression models were estimated in SPSS version 25 at a 5% significance level. Finding/Results - In Malaysia, only equity was significant (B = .983, p = .011). In the Philippines, debt (B = .529, p = .004) and equity (B = .431, p = .009) were significant. In Indonesia, membership (B = .327, p = .013), debt (B = .206, p = .016), and equity (B = .508, p < .001) were significant. Originality/Value - The comparison shows that equity is the most consistent correlate of cooperative volume, while the relevance of membership and debt varies by country. The study provides a country-sensitive application of a log-linear production-oriented framework to cooperative performance and cautions against assuming one development model across ASEAN settings.]]>
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