<![CDATA[This study examines the effects of geographic factors, socio-economic characteristics, and household energy subsidies on household energy poverty in Indonesia. Energy poverty is measured using the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI) and classified into three ordered categories: non-energy-poor, energy-vulnerable, and energy-poor. The analysis uses nationally representative data from the March 2024 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) covering 343,479 households and applies a Partial Proportional Odds (PPO) model. The findings indicate that household energy poverty remains prevalent in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas and eastern regions. Higher educational attainment, formal employment, and employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors significantly reduce the likelihood of energy poverty, whereas households dependent on the primary sector remain more vulnerable. Electricity subsidies for 450-watt and 900-watt households reduce the risk of severe energy poverty but are less effective in addressing broader energy vulnerability. Meanwhile, the 3 kg LPG subsidy demonstrates the strongest association with lower risks of both energy vulnerability and severe energy poverty. JEL: O13, O38.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
