From Declarations to Implementation: Assessing the Effectiveness of Green Policies in India, China, and Bangladesh

Zarina Abdusamadova (Department of Court, Law Enforcement Agencies and Advocacy, Tashkent State University of Law, Uzbekistan)
Dilshodbek Nurumov (Department of Court, Law Enforcement Agencies and Advocacy, Tashkent State University of Law, Uzbekistan)
Ikhtiyor Djurayev (Department of Court, Law Enforcement Agencies and Advocacy, Tashkent State University of Law, Uzbekistan)

Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY
Vol. 34 No. 2 (2026): September

This paper examines how effective green policies have improved air quality in Beijing, Delhi, and Dhaka from 2010 to 2025. Using a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of PM₂.₅ data, a review of government reports, and 1,200 semi-structured interviews, this research identifies the key determinants of policy outcomes. Beijing achieved a 63% reduction in PM₂.₅ levels, primarily due to stringent emission controls and the transition to cleaner energy, whereas Delhi and Dhaka remain highly polluted, with ineffective enforcement and limited institutional capacity contributing most to poor outcomes. Drawing on an environmental collaborative governance framework, we connect regulatory design, institutional accountability, and public participation to observed air quality trends. On the basis of these findings, we recommend (1) strengthening legal enforcement through progressive penalties, independent environmental oversight, and dedicated environmental courts, and (2) enhancing citizen engagement and inter-agency coordination to ensure that policies translate into tangible air quality improvements.