<![CDATA[The development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has introduced new challenges in route optimization, particularly in the Drone Routing Problem (DRP), where limited battery capacity directly affects operational feasibility. This study aims to optimize DRP by considering energy constraints and charging station integration using the Improved ParthenoGenetic Algorithm (IPGA). The proposed method employs a sequence-based chromosome representation, an energy consumption model, and adaptive charging station insertion during fitness evaluation to ensure that the generated routes remain feasible under battery limitations. The performance of IPGA was evaluated using three datasets consisting of 10, 30, and 50 customers and compared with PGA, GA, and PSO based on best fitness, minimum total energy consumption, computation time, and convergence behavior. The results show that IPGA consistently achieved the highest best fitness and the lowest minimum total energy across all dataset scenarios. In the 50-customer dataset, IPGA reduced total energy consumption by 42.89%, 36.19%, and 57.32% compared with PGA, GA, and PSO, respectively. The convergence analysis also indicates that IPGA provides more stable fitness improvement, particularly in medium and large problem instances. These findings show that IPGA is effective for solving energy-constrained DRP and contributes to the development of adaptive metaheuristic optimization methods for intelligent UAV-based logistics and autonomous distribution systems.]]>
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