<![CDATA[This study analyzes the effect of total natural resource rents and trade openness on GDP per capita in Indonesia during 1995-2021. Using a quantitative approach with linear regression and classical assumption testing such as normality, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation, the analysis shows that both total natural resource rents and trade openness have a negative effect on GDP per capita. These findings indicate that high dependence on natural resources and trade openness not supported by structural policies can hamper economic growth and reduce public welfare. In addition, the results show that sustainable management of natural resource rents and increased domestic industrial competitiveness are essential for these resources to increase GDP per capita optimally. These findings have strategic implications for policymakers to develop development policies oriented toward economic diversification and strengthening the industrial sector to achieve more inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Indonesia.]]>
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