<![CDATA[Small-scale batik industries generate substantial amounts of solid and liquid waste during the waxing, dyeing, and wax-removal (pelorodan) stages, yet most operate without adequate treatment facilities. This literature review aims to synthesize the characteristics of solid and liquid waste from small-scale batik production, current waste management practices, and pollution-reduction strategies reported in the scientific literature, in order to identify feasible improvement measures for micro and small batik enterprises. A narrative literature review was conducted by searching Google Scholar, ResearchGate, DOAJ, and institutional repositories using Indonesian and English keywords related to batik waste, wastewater characteristics, and cleaner production, followed by screening for relevance, recency, and source credibility; twenty-three sources published between 2013 and 2026 were included in the synthesis. The review found that solid waste mainly consists of fabric scraps, spent wax, dye packaging, and combustion ash, most of which remain unsorted, while liquid waste from dyeing and wax removal commonly exceeds regulatory limits for chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids, with reported values varying widely across production sites. Current management practices in small enterprises remain limited to dilution and simple settling before discharge. Reported improvement measures include cleaner production, wax recovery and reuse, natural dye substitution, low-cost treatments such as coagulation-flocculation, electrocoagulation, and anaerobic-aerobic biofiltration, and communal treatment facilities supported by collective institutional arrangements. The review concludes that pollution reduction in small-scale batik industries requires an integrated approach combining source-level waste reduction, appropriate low-cost technology, and collective governance, while noting the need for further primary field research.]]>
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