<![CDATA[This study aims to examine the effects of capital structure, foreign ownership, institutional ownership, and intellectual capital on the profitability of energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020–2024 period. Profitability is an important indicator for assessing a company’s ability to generate profits and reflects the effectiveness of managing its available resources. This study employed a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from the financial statements and annual reports of energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the observation period. The sampling technique used purposive sampling based on predetermined criteria, resulting in a sample of 53 companies. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the assistance of SPSS software version 26.0. The results showed that capital structure had a negative and significant effect on profitability. This indicates that increased use of debt-based capital structure can increase a company’s financial burden, thereby reducing profitability. Intellectual capital had a positive and significant effect on profitability, indicating that effective management of knowledge, competencies, and intellectual resources can enhance a company’s ability to generate profits. Meanwhile, foreign ownership and institutional ownership did not have significant effects on company profitability. These findings indicate that not all ownership structure mechanisms are capable of directly influencing improvements in the profitability of energy sector companies during the research period.]]>
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