This study examines the effects of bank-specific characteristics and macroeconomic variables on the intermediation function of KBMI 4 banks in Indonesia during 2014–2023. The variables include NPL, BOPO, CAR, bank size, ROA, GDP, BI Rate, and pandemic and recovery dummies. Secondary data from four KBMI 4 banks were analyzed using a panel-data Fixed Effect Model. The results show that NPL has a negative effect, while BOPO, CAR, ROA, GDP, and BI Rate have significantly positive effects on LDR. Bank size is insignificant. The pandemic and recovery dummies reduce LDR by 10.43 percent and 10.33 percent, respectively.
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