Gray Zone: Copyright in Images from Generative Artificial Intelligence Modified by Human Creativity

Galih Dwi Ramadhan (Islamic University of Indonesia)
Fahim Abrar Abid (University of Glasglow & Bangladesh Society of International Law)

Kertha Patrika
Vol. 48 No. 2 (2026): Contemporary Challenges in Law: Comparative Perspectives on Justice, Legal Pro

Images are objects protected by intellectual property rights, especially copyright. Artificial Intelligence/AI technology that can create an image using the text-to-image feature, also known as generative AI. The results of the images created from the features owned by generative AI create a gray zone in copyright terms of legal protection and ownership of images created by Generative AI, which can also be freely modified by humans using their intellectual creativity. This study analyzes the copyright of images created by generative AI modified by humans under Indonesian Copyright Law No. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, using a normative method with a juridical approach. This research will conduct an analysis related to AI as subjects and objects under Copyright Law and the ownership and legal protection of images created by Generative AI and modified by human creativity.