<![CDATA[The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code marks a shift from a retributive to a restorative sentencing paradigm through alternative sanctions. This study analyzes their regulation, effectiveness, and the role of advocates in promoting restorative justice. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches, the study finds that the Indonesian Criminal Code formally recognizes supervisory sentences, community service, probation, and reformed fines under Article 51, reflecting restorative objectives. However, their effectiveness remains limited. The study identifies inconsistencies between substantive and procedural law, a custodial-oriented criminal procedure, lack of technical guidelines, institutional fragmentation, limited resources, and a retributive legal culture. These factors lead to uneven implementation and a potential net-widening effect. Victim participation is also not yet systematically regulated, making restorative outcomes dependent on judicial discretion. The study further shows that advocates play a strategic role through sentencing memoranda, social inquiry reports, and restorative legal arguments. Strengthening effectiveness requires harmonization of substantive and procedural law, clearer implementation guidelines, and institutional coordination to ensure a consistent restorative sentencing system.]]>
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