<![CDATA[Air pollution generated by sand-mining activities can degrade environmental quality and increase public-health risks, particularly in locations lacking continuous air-quality monitoring infrastructure. This study presents the development and field evaluation of a solar-powered LoRa-based air-quality monitoring and early-warning system for the Watusampu sand-mining area in Palu City, Indonesia. The main contribution of the proposed system is the integration of autonomous solar power, long-range wireless communication, multi-parameter sensing, real-time visualization, local backup storage, and ISPU-based warning functions into a single deployable platform. The transmitter node combines ZH03B, MiCS-5524, and DHT22 sensors with an ESP32 and RFM95W LoRa module to measure PM₁, PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, carbon monoxide, temperature, and relative humidity. At the receiver node, the acquired data are processed, stored on a microSD card, uploaded to a web database, and displayed through an LCD and real-time dashboard. Air-quality status is classified using Indonesia’s Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU). Sensor performance was evaluated by comparison with a reference air-quality detector, while LoRa communication was tested under Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (Non-LoS) conditions. The ZH03B sensor produced average errors of 6.61%, 10.58%, and 8.67% for PM₁, PM₂.₅, and PM₁₀, respectively, while the average errors for CO, temperature, and relative humidity were 18.48%, 0.87%, and 0.61%. LoRa communication achieved 0% packet loss up to 1.2 km under LoS conditions and up to 20 m under Non-LoS conditions. These findings indicate that the proposed platform is feasible for autonomous, real-time air-quality monitoring and early warning in sand-mining areas with limited infrastructure.]]>
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