Keabsahan Jual Beli Ijon Padi Perspektif Istihsan, 'Urf, dan Maslahah Mursalah

Aulia Aniatun Nisa (Prodi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, Fakultas Syariah, Universitas Islam Bandung)
Panji Adam Agus Putra (Prodi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, Fakultas Syariah, Universitas Islam Bandung)
Ira Siti Rohmah Maulida (Prodi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, Fakultas Syariah, Universitas Islam Bandung)

Bandung Conference Series : Sharia Economic Law
319-328

Abstract. The practice of buying and selling rice through the ijon system in Karangtengah Village, Kadungora Subdistrict, Garut Regency, remains a common practice among the community to meet their economic needs prior to the harvest season. However, this practice raises issues such as uncertainty regarding the subject matter of the contract, unreasonable pricing, and the potential for gharar and injustice in transactions. This study aims to examine the mechanism of rice buying and selling under the ijon system while assessing its validity from the perspectives of istihsan, 'urf and maslahah mursalah. This study employs a normative-empirical research method with a descriptive qualitative approach. Primary data were obtained through observation and in depth interviews with five farmers, two grain collectors (tengkulak) and one farmers' group leader selected through purposive sampling, while secondary data were obtained from the Qur'an, Hadith, the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law, and literature on muamalah fiqh. The data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that transactions are conducted verbally with cash payments based on an assessment of the rice crop condition prior to harvest. This practice contains elements of gharar and ghubn fahisy, therefore, from the perspectives of istihsan, 'urf and maslahah mursalah, it is deemed invalid due to uncertainty regarding the subject matter of the contract and the imbalance of risk in the transaction. A salam contract is recommended as an alternative transaction that better ensures certainty regarding the subject matter and fair pricing for farmers. Abstrak. Praktik transaksi jual beli padi melalui sistem ijon di Desa Karangtengah, Kecamatan Kadungora, Kabupaten Garut, masih berkembang sebagai bentuk kebiasaan masyarakat dalam memenuhi kebutuhan ekonomi sebelum masa panen. Meskipun demikian, praktik tersebut menimbulkan permasalahan berupa ketidakpastian objek akad, ketidakwajaran harga, serta potensi gharar dan ketidakadilan dalam transaksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mekanisme jual beli padi sistem ijon sekaligus menilai keabsahannya berdasarkan perspektif istihsan, 'urf, dan maslahah mursalah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif empiris dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Data primer diperoleh melalui observasi dan wawancara mendalam terhadap lima petani, dua pedagang pengumpul (tengkulak), dan satu ketua kelompok tani yang dipilih secara purposive sampling, sedangkan data sekunder bersumber dari Al-Qur'an, Hadis, Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, serta literatur fikih muamalah. Data dianalisis melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transaksi dilakukan secara lisan dengan pembayaran tunai berdasarkan penaksiran terhadap kondisi tanaman padi sebelum panen. Praktik tersebut mengandung unsur gharar dan ghubn fahisy, sehingga berdasarkan perspektif istihsan, 'urf, dan maslahah mursalah dinilai tidak sah karena terdapat ketidakpastian objek akad dan ketidakseimbangan risiko dalam transaksi. Akad salam disarankan sebagai alternatif transaksi yang lebih menjamin kepastian objek dan keadilan harga bagi petani.