<![CDATA[Introduction: This study investigates the effects of human resource training and transformational leadership on employee performance, both directly and indirectly through work motivation, at X Airlines in Timor-Leste. Methods: Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from all active employees through a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire. The data were analyzed using regression-based path analysis, while the mediating effects were evaluated using the Sobel test. Results: The findings demonstrate that human resource training and transformational leadership positively and significantly affect employee performance and work motivation. Work motivation also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and partially mediates the effects of both human resource training and transformational leadership. These findings indicate that training and leadership improve performance not only by strengthening employees’ competencies and work direction but also by fostering their motivation to perform. Transformational leadership has a stronger indirect contribution through work motivation, highlighting the important role of leaders in sustaining employee enthusiasm, commitment, and confidence. Therefore, X Airlines should align training programs with operational needs, strengthen inspirational and supportive leadership practices, and continuously foster employee motivation to improve performance. Keywords: Employee Performance, Human Resource Training, Path Analysis, Transformational Leadership, Work Motivation]]>
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