<![CDATA[Violence committed by Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) officers against human rights activists raises issues regarding judicial jurisdiction and the potential for impunity due to the ongoing dualism between military and general courts. This study aims to analyze the regulation of jurisdictional authority between the two judicial environments in handling criminal acts of violence committed by TNI officers against human rights activists and examine the normative problems that lead to impunity. This study is a normative legal study with a statutory, conceptual, and case approach, which is analyzed qualitatively. The results show that jurisdictional regulations are still experiencing disharmony between Law Number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Justice and MPR Decree Number VII/MPR/2000, thus giving rise to legal uncertainty. In addition, the broad jurisdiction of military justice, the absence of clear boundaries between military crimes and general crimes, conflicts of interest within the military justice structure, and the lack of synchronization of institutional reforms are the main factors causing impunity. Therefore, military justice reform is needed by limiting its authority to military crimes, while general crimes committed by TNI personnel against civilians fall under the jurisdiction of general courts.]]>
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