<![CDATA[This paper explores the ethical theory of utilitarianism, tracing its origins, development, and enduring influence from Jeremy Bentham to John Stuart Mill and subsequent thinkers. Utilitarianism, a form of consequentialist ethics, holds that actions are morally right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. The paper offers a critical exposition of John Stuart Mill’s distinctive contribution, particularly his refinement of Bentham’s hedonistic utilitarianism through the introduction of qualitative distinctions between pleasures and the defence of individual rights as integral to overall well-being. It also examines the work of later utilitarians such as Henry Sidgwick, Peter Singer, R.M. Hare, Derek Parfit, and Joseph Fletcher, highlighting their contributions to expanding the scope and application of utilitarian ethics. The practical relevance of utilitarianism is illustrated through its potential applications in governance, public policy, environmental ethics, social justice, and economic development - especially in the Nigerian context. Furthermore, the essay engages key criticisms of the theory, including its perceived neglect of individual rights, challenges in quantifying happiness, and potential to justify morally questionable means. In conclusion, the paper affirms the continued relevance of utilitarianism to contemporary ethical discourse, law, and public life, while acknowledging the need for thoughtful application and critical engagement with its limitations. ]]>
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