Green and Tropical Laboratory for Sustainability
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): August

Multi-target exploration and in silico molecular interaction analysis of imperatorin from bael fruit (Aegle marmelos) against EGFR, ESR1, and GSK3B

Citra Lesmana (Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Science, and Humanities, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia)
Nina Dwi Yulia (Directorate of Scientific Collection Management, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia)
Ludwick Satria Romadoni (Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Science, and Humanities, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia)
Mochamad Iffan (Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Science, and Humanities, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia)
Muhammad Rifky Ardiansyah (Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Science, and Humanities, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia)
Alanisya Octania Ramadhani (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Indonesia)



Article Info

Publish Date
27 Aug 2026

Abstract

Background: Cancer remains a major health burden. Aegle marmelos contains imperatorin, a furanocoumarin with broad pharmacological activity, but its specific oncogenic targets and polypharmacological mechanism remain largely unexplored. Methods: We predicted candidate targets using SwissTargetPrediction, built a protein-protein interaction network in STRING, and analyzed its topology in Cytoscape to identify hub proteins. We then ran reverse molecular docking in Webina, visualized the complexes in 3D using ChimeraX, and evaluated the ADME-Tox profile with SwissADME and ProTox 3.0. Results: Network analysis identified ESR1, GSK3B, and EGFR as the main hub targets. Docking showed stable binding affinities of -8.384 kcal/mol for ESR1, -7.932 kcal/mol for GSK3B, and -7.504 kcal/mol for EGFR, with interactions at essential catalytic residues. Imperatorin satisfied Lipinski's Rule of Five, showed high gastrointestinal absorption, and crossed the blood-brain barrier. ProTox 3.0 predicted an LD50 of 480 mg/kg (Class 4), with active signals for immunotoxicity and mutagenicity. Conclusion: Imperatorin from bael fruit (Aegle marmelos) forms stable multi-target interactions with ESR1, GSK3B, and EGFR with favorable drug-likeness, though functional validation in cellular models is still needed to confirm whether these interactions are activating or inhibitory.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

gtlabs

Publisher

Subject

Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Environmental Science Social Sciences

Description

Green And Tropical Laboratory For Sustainability encompasses a broad range of research areas related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including but not limited to: Laboratory-Based Studies on Tropical Ecosystems: Research on biodiversity, climate change, ecosystem restoration, and ...