<![CDATA[This study aims to examine the effect of board gender diversity on firm performance and investigate the roles of financial health, national gender equality, and cultural dimensions in shaping this relationship among non-financial companies in ASEAN. An explanatory quantitative approach was employed using secondary unbalanced panel data from 303 non-financial firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, Bursa Malaysia, Singapore Exchange, Stock Exchange of Thailand, and Philippine Stock Exchange during the 2015–2023 period. Panel data regression analysis was conducted by applying the Chow, Hausman, and Breusch–Pagan Lagrange Multiplier tests, with the Random Effects Model (REM) selected as the most appropriate estimation method and estimated using robust standard errors. The findings reveal that board gender diversity has a positive and significant effect on firm performance. Financial health and national gender equality strengthen this relationship, whereas the cultural dimensions of individualism, masculinity, and power distance weaken the positive impact of board gender diversity on firm performance. The model explains 23.15% of the variation in firm performance. These findings imply that the effectiveness of board gender diversity depends not only on female representation but also on favorable financial conditions, supportive institutional environments, and inclusive cultural contexts across ASEAN.]]>
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