<![CDATA[This study analyzes the participation of four ASEAN member states (Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore) in the INTERFET mission during the 1999 East Timor crisis. Utilizing Barry Buzan’s English School theory (Pluralism vs. Solidarism) and a qualitative case study method, it examines how this engagement reflects normative shifts. The baseline data illustrates a severe humanitarian crisis that prompted individual state participation under UN Resolution 1264. Findings reveal that while ASEAN maintained institutional bystanding to respect sovereignty (Pluralism), member states individually embraced humanitarian responsibility (Solidarism). This dilemma was normatively reconciled through Indonesia’s formal consent. The study concludes that ASEAN's non-interference principle is not absolute, but an adaptive political tool accommodating normative flexibility]]>
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